1 Introduction

Flavonoids, a diverse group of polyphenols naturally
found in fruits, vegetables, coffee, and wine, transcend their
well-known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties (Panche et al., 2016; Talebi et al., 2021).
Recent research highlights their remarkable ability to modulate the
activity of key enzymes implicated in various disease processes. Studies
demonstrate their inhibitory potential against diverse targets
including COX, lipoxygenase, Ca2+ ATPase, xanthine oxidase, aldose
reductase, and phosphodiesterase, suggesting their potential application
across a spectrum of pathological conditions (Panche et al., 2016).
Classified based on their C-ring structure, they encompass diverse
subgroups such as flavonols, flavones, flavanones, neoflavonoids,
isoflavones, anthocyanidins, flavanonols, chalcones, and
flavanols/catechins (Justesen and Knuthsen, 2001).

1.1 Flavonols

Flavonols represent a distinct subclass of flavonoids
characterized by the presence of a ketone group. This group encompasses
widely studied members like kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, myricetin, and
fisetin. Evidence suggests a positive association between flavonol
intake and various health benefits, particularly attributed to their
potent antioxidant activity. For instance, quercetin is found in
abundance across diverse fruits, vegetables, beverages, and spices,
contributing to overall dietary intake. Moreover, Strawberries, apples,
persimmons, onions, and cucumbers are good sources of Fisetin (Stewart et al., 2000; Zheng and Wang, 2001; Robertson and Nichols, 2017).
Notably, George Robertson and Matthew Nichols have demonstrated the
ability of compositions containing a flavan-3-ol (e.g., epicatechin), a
flavonoid (e.g., quercetin), and a fatty acid (e.g., EPA ethyl ester) to
mitigate oxidative damage associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions (Author, 2013).
This work suggests promising avenues for treating various neurological
disorders such as Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s, and multiple sclerosis (MS), potentially
extending to neuroprotection against stroke-induced damage and
cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

This invention, attributed to Amalia Porta, focuses on
synthetic and plant-derived flavonoid compounds represented by formulas
(I) and (II). These compounds exhibit the unique ability to modulate the
dynamic and physical state of biological membranes within eukaryotic
cells. Additionally, they stimulate the endogenous synthesis of stress
proteins, offering potential therapeutic implications. The invention
provides a comprehensive methodology for the identification,
purification, and chemical synthesis of these specific flavonoids.
Further, it outlines a testing strategy that evaluates their efficacy
through their capacity to induce stress gene transcription and their
subsequent interaction with biological membranes, ultimately altering
their physical characteristics. Beyond their potential use in the
pharmaceutical industry, these compounds and their pharmaceutically
acceptable derivatives/salts hold promise within the field of cosmetics
and dermatology. Specifically, they may provide therapeutic approaches
for addressing conditions associated with altered stress gene expression
(Shimoi et al., 1998).

1.2 Flavones

Flavones, a subclass of flavonoids, encompass widely
studied members like luteolin, apigenin, and tangeritin. These compounds
occur abundantly in various parts of plants, including leaves, flowers,
and fruits, contributing significantly to dietary intake. For instance,
luteolin can be readily extracted from a diverse range of plant
sources, including broccoli, green pepper, celery, parsley, thyme,
dandelion, tea, carrots, olive oil, peppermint, and rosemary.
Additionally, the peels of citrus fruits serve as a rich reservoir of
flavones, contributing to their characteristic flavors and potential
health benefits (Khan et al., 2009; López-Lázaro, 2009).

1.3 Flavanones

Flavanones, a subgroup of flavonoids, include renowned
members like hesperidin, naringenin, and eriodictyol. These compounds
are recognized for their free radical scavenging abilities, contributing
to various health-promoting effects. Specifically, they exhibit
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and blood lipid-lowering properties,
highlighting their potential therapeutic applications. Interestingly,
flavanones are responsible for the characteristic bitter taste found in
the juice and peel of citrus fruits. Grapes and citrus fruits,
particularly oranges and lemons, serve as excellent sources of these
beneficial compounds (Felgines et al., 2000; Donnelly and Neoflavonoids, 2017).

1.4 Neoflavonoids

They are polyphenolic compounds and have shown widespread
distribution. They have shown anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammatory,
antitumor, anti-allergic, and antioxidation qualities (Iinuma et al., 1987; Aoki et al., 2000; NISHIMUTA et al., 2000; Garazd et al., 2003).

1.5 Isoflavonoids

Despite its large size, isoflavonoids exhibit a limited
natural distribution, primarily found in legumes like soybeans and some
microbial sources. Notable members include genistein and daidzein, two
isoflavonoids garnering substantial scientific interest due to their
potential health benefits. Genistein, in particular, has been associated
with preventative effects against various chronic conditions. Studies
suggest its potential in reducing the risk of breast and prostate
cancer, mitigating post-menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, and
contributing to cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol profiles
and reducing inflammation (Dixon and Ferreira, 2002; Szkudelska and Nogowski, 2007; Mattioli et al., 2020).

Anthocyanins, a captivating subclass of water-soluble
flavonoids, adorn fruits and vegetables with their diverse colors.
Prominent members include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin,
petunidin, and peonidin, showcasing an interplay between their structure
and their vibrant hues depending on pH. Beyond their esthetic appeal,
these pigments constitute the primary source of color in plants.
Intriguingly, the significance of anthocyanins extends far beyond mere
esthetics. Extensive research delves into their potential health
benefits, encompassing diverse physiological systems. Studies suggest
that anthocyanins can modulate the circulatory, nervous, digestive,
urinary, sensory, endocrine, and immune systems (Elias et al., 1999; Higdon and Frei, 2003; Liu et al., 2021). These promising bioactivities have fueled their exploration as dietary supplements, particularly for promoting eye health.

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