High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Management, Pathophysiology
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a chronic condition defined as a persistent systolic and/or diastolic BP of 140/90 mmHg or higher, including individuals on antihypertensive medications. It is classified as primary (essential) hypertension, comprising 90–95% of cases, influenced by factors like genetics, lifestyle, aging, and race, or secondary hypertension (5–10%), caused by identifiable conditions like renal or endocrine disorders, vascular abnormalities, certain medications, or sleep apnea. Often asymptomatic, hypertension may present with symptoms like headaches, dizziness, or chest pain. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, accurate BP measurements, and laboratory investigations. Management includes lifestyle modifications—DASH diet, physical activity, weight management, and stress reduction—and pharmacological therapy based on BP levels and cardiovascular risk. Resistant hypertension requires specialized approaches, while hypertensive emergencies necessitate immediate BP reduction using IV medications to prevent organ damage.
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